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Anthropogenic Dispersal and the Phylogeography of the Edible Dormouse in the Mediterranean

The history of human colonization in the Mediterranean has significantly influenced biodiversity patterns in the region. One intriguing example of this influence is the distribution of the edible dormouse, Glis glis. This small, nocturnal rodent, found across Europe, including several Mediterranean islands, provides an excellent case study for understanding the interplay between natural and anthropogenic dispersal events. Recent research has shed light on how these factors have shaped the current distribution of the edible dormouse in the Mediterranean basin.

What is the Edible Dormouse?

The edible dormouse is a small to medium-sized rodent, known for its long hibernation period. It has a body length of 160-190 mm and prefers forested habitats. Historically, it has been introduced to various locations, including islands, both intentionally and unintentionally. This species' distribution across the Mediterranean islands offers a unique opportunity to study how human activities have impacted wildlife dispersal and genetic diversity.

Historical Context of Human Influence

Human activities have played a crucial role in the dispersal of many species, including the edible dormouse. Ancient traders, settlers, and even the practice of keeping dormice for food have contributed to their spread. For instance, edible dormice were often transported by ancient traders and settlers, who either carried them unintentionally or used them as a food source. These human-mediated movements have had lasting impacts on the distribution of this species.

Genetic Studies and Their Significance

To understand the dispersal patterns of the edible dormouse, scientists conducted genetic studies. They collected samples from various Mediterranean islands and the mainland, focusing on the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COXI). This gene provides insights into the genetic relationships between different populations.

The study involved amplifying and sequencing the COXI gene fragment from 21 samples collected from islands such as Elba, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and Salina, as well as the mainland. The results revealed fascinating insights into the dormouse's distribution:

• Sardinia and Elba Island: The dormice from these locations were found to belong to the same clade as those from mainland Italy, specifically the subspecies G. g. italicus. This suggests recent human introduction events rather than ancient natural dispersal.
• Salina Island and Sicily: Dormice from Salina Island were identified as part of the Sicilian subspecies, whereas Sicily hosts a mixed population of G. g. italicus and G. g. insularis. This indicates distinct dispersal patterns and possible ancient introductions.
• Corsica: The Corsican population likely originated from a different stock, possibly from Northern Italy or southern France, highlighting another unique dispersal route.

Implications of the Findings

These findings underscore the significant role of anthropogenic dispersal in shaping the current distribution of the edible dormouse on Mediterranean islands. They reveal how human activities have not only facilitated the movement of species but also influenced their genetic diversity and structure. Understanding these patterns is crucial for biodiversity conservation and management, especially in regions with a history of extensive human activity.

Conclusion

The study of the edible dormouse in the Mediterranean basin provides valuable insights into the complex interactions between natural and anthropogenic factors in shaping species distributions. Human influence, through both intentional and unintentional actions, has played a pivotal role in the dispersal of this species. These findings highlight the importance of considering historical human activities when studying current biodiversity patterns and underscore the need for comprehensive conservation strategies that account for both natural and human-mediated processes.